Students who have successfully passed the lecture, are able to recognize that stress in plants is induced by unfavourable environmental conditions. The knowledge of the adverse effects of the major types of abiotic stress on metabolism and on other physiological processes that control growth, development and productivity of plants, enables the students to assess losses in crop yield that can be attributed to stress. Moreover, the students have the ability to analyze the mechanisms of stress resistance which plants have developed to cope with stress conditions in order to prevent injury and maintain life functions.
Objectives  
•	To acquire the advanced knowledge about environmental stresses. 
•	To understand the effect of stress with emphasis on drought, high temperature, high light intensity and salt on growth, development and metabolism.
•	To know the mechanisms of physiological and biochemical adaptation to stresses.  
•	To understand the physiology of desert plants and halophytes.
•	To acquire the knowledge about the improvement of crop growth and production under stresses.